Supply Chain Challenges for Mask Material Suppliers

Masks are a vital part of a community’s defence against the pandemic. They are also useful for many other uses, including protecting against the dust and smoke generated by construction and mining activities, or keeping out cold air. However, they will only be effective if they are properly worn and used, with proper hand washing and sanitization practices.

As the demand for face masks has surged, the supply chain is strained and facing challenges. This is exacerbated by shortages of key raw materials, as well as the need to convert existing manufacturing capacity to mask production.

No single country can meet this increased demand alone, which highlights the importance of international trade along the value chain for masks. Export restrictions can hinder domestic firms without adequate production capacity and lead to unwelcome price increases. On the other hand, import restrictions can backfire if they are imposed in countries that lack the ability to import key inputs like medical-grade polypropylene or textile machines needed for mask manufacturing.

A good mask is a combination of layers that work together to filter airborne particles. These include an outer layer made of nonwoven spunbond or meltblown polypropylene; an inner layer of a fabric that is breathable, such as cotton, bamboo rayon, nylon spandex or wool; and an elastic band or ear loops.

Most commercial masks use meltblown polypropylene, which filters very well. This material is a common choice for certified medical masks, such as N95s. However, this material is in short supply because it is also being used for repurposed personal protective equipment (PPE) that is destined for the military. Spunbond or meltblown polypropylene destined for clothing and furniture has a fabric-like feel and cuts without fraying, and this type of material likely aligns with public health recommendations.

Other fabrics are not as breathable but may be suitable for community masks, such as woven cotton or linen. These fabrics have a smooth surface and are durable, but do not perform as well in tests for particle filtration. Nonwoven polyester, on the other hand, is highly breathable and combines both a soft, silky feel and good particle filtration. It is commonly used in the manufacture of a wide variety of garments and household goods, including clothing, bedding and towels.

Masks can be easily assembled with the help of sewing machines and/or a needle and thread, or they can be handmade by individuals. Depending on the complexity of the mask, it can take anywhere from 15 minutes to an hour to make one. A basic mask includes a neck strap, and most people add an elastic ear loop. The addition of these additional elements makes a more durable, comfortable and secure mask. The addition of a nose strip can improve the fit, and some manufacturers offer masks with various levels of filtration to suit different environments. To produce a high-quality mask, the manufacturer must ensure that all the components are of the highest quality and have been inspected by a professional.